Maternal impacts of a physically disabled baby birth: A comparative study / Impactos maternos do nascimento de um bebê com deficiência física: um estudo comparativo

Objective This study aims to assess the emotional impacts of the baby's physical disability on the mother. Method It is an exploratory investigation carried on with two mother-infant dyads, only one of which gave birth to a physically disabled baby, both participating in a larger case-control investigation. The tools used included the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories, the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire, the Ages and Stages Questionnaire as well as semi-structured interviews. Results Both mothers showed similar reports and parenting levels, but the one whose baby had a disability scored higher on anxiety and depression, in connection with the baby's low level of development. Conclusion It is concluded that, in order to achieve the same levels of a typical parenting condition, greater adaptation mechanisms are required.

Objetivo Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar impactos emocionais da deficiência física do bebê na mãe. Método Trata-se de um estudo exploratório realizado com duas díades, uma composta um bebê com deficiência e sua mãe e outra por um bebê sem deficiência e sua mãe, provenientes de uma pesquisa maior com desenho caso-controle. Foram utilizados a Entrevista Semiestruturada, Inventários Beck de Ansiedade e Depressão, Questionário de Função Reflexiva Parental e Ages and Stages Questionnaire. Resultados As mães demonstraram relatos e níveis de parentalidade semelhantes, mas a do bebê com deficiência apresentou maiores scores para ansiedade e depressão, relacionados ao baixo nível de desenvolvimento do filho. Conclusão Conclui-se que mecanismos de adaptação são necessários para se obter os mesmos níveis de parentalidade de uma condição típica.

Challenges on sexual health communication with secondary school learners, Limpopo province

A conversation about sexuality is most likely to encourage healthy and positive sexual practices while reducing risky sexual behaviour among adolescents. Traditionally, sexuality is discussed in hushed tones in proverbs and is reserved for adults. On the other hand, adolescents must be well informed about their sexuality to assist them to make informed decisions about their sexual behaviour.Objectives: The study determined parents' views regarding challenges of sexual health communication among secondary school learners in the Limpopo province.Method: A qualitative, exploratory-descriptive and contextual approach was employed for the study. Fifty-six parents were purposively selected, resulting in five focus group discussions that had 8­12 members. One central question was asked, and based on the participants' responses, probing questions followed. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Trustworthiness and ethical considerations were ensured.Results: Three themes, namely communication concerns, role shifting in imparting sexuality education and poor parent­child relationships, and eight subthemes emerged from the data.Conclusion: This study identified that communication concerns influence parent­child dialogue on sexuality education. Therefore, there is a need to address factors hindering communication such as cultural barriers, role shifting in imparting sexuality education and poor parent­child relationships. This study suggests that parents should be empowered in dealing with children's sexuality.Contribution: Parents should be equipped with reproductive knowledge to enable them to talk freely about sexuality with their children. This should be complemented with broader programmes aimed at promoting sexual health education within the traditional family institution

Pais e filhos: uma rua de mão dupla / Parents and children: a two-way street / Padres e hijos: una calle de dos sentidos

Neste artigo são discutidos alguns aspectos da relação pais-filhos, focados na importância do filho no desenvolvimento dos pais. A relação filho-adulto e pais é abordada tanto em seu sentido criativo como complicado, gerador de patologia. A relação filhos-pais é associada a outra mão da mesma rua onde a psicologia bastante tem discutido a relação pais-filhos. Daí o título: "Pais e filhos: uma rua de mão dupla". A compreensão simbólica do ditado popular "filho criado, trabalho dobrado" é buscada. Esse "maior trabalho" dado pelo "filho criado" é associado ao trabalhoso processo de recolhimento necessário que os pais precisam fazer da depositação-projeção dos papéis parentais arquetípicos de filho, Fm e Fp, sobre os filhos. Também são discutidos a função da idealização cruzada e o consequente jogo de poder cruzado entre filhos e pais. Algumas complicações desse processo de retirada das depositações-projeções pelos pais sobre os filhos são enfocadas pela sua importância clínica, a saber: os riscos dos avós, o risco da inversão de papéis entre pais e filhos e a adolescência tardia. É chamada a atenção para a importância do tema, uma vez que, com o aumento da vida média, a população com mais idade cresceu e sua problemática precisa ser mais bem compreendida.

The author discusses some aspects of parents-children relationship, the so called "double way street". She emphasizes the importance of this theme because psychology has discussed enough parents-children relationship but children-parents relationship has been put aside. Archetypal parental-roles and crossed projections between children and parents are discussed as being an important aspect of the complexity of this issue, due to their clinical importance. Some process disorders are focused like: grand-parents' risks, archetypal parental roles inversion between parents and children and tardy adolescence. The symbolic understanding of the popular saying "Raised children, hell breaks lose" is sought in this article. The troubles with the "raised child" is linked to the painful process parents have to go through with projection archetypal parental roles of the child, Cm Cf over the children.

En este artículo se discuten algunos aspectos de la relación padre-hijo, enfocándose en la importancia del niño en el desarrollo de los padres. Se aborda la relación hijo-adulto y padres tanto en su sentido creativo como en su sentido complicado, generador de patologías. La relación padre-hijo está asociada con otra mano en la misma calle donde la psicología ha discutido durante mucho tiempo la relación padre-hijo. De ahí el título: "Padres e hijos: una calle de dos sentidos". Se busca la comprensión simbólica del dicho popular "hijo criado, trabajo duplicado". Este "trabajo mayor" dado por el "hijo criado" está asociado al laborioso proceso de recolección necesaria que los padres deben hacer a partir del depositación-proyección de los roles parentales arquetípicos del hijo, Hm e Hp (hijo de la madre e hijo del padre), en sus hijos. También se discute el papel de la idealización cruzada y el juego de poder cruzado resultante entre hijos y padres. Se destacan, por su importancia clínica, algunas complicaciones de este proceso de eliminación de depositaciones-proyecciones de los padres sobre sus hijos, a saber: los riesgos de los abuelos, el riesgo de inversión de roles entre padres e hijos y la adolescencia tardía. Se llama la atención sobre la importancia del tema, ya que, con el aumento del promedio de vida, la población de mayor edad ha crecido y es necesario comprender mejor sus problemas.

Parental obesity and the transition from teenagers of normal-weight to young adults with obesity in Mexico / Obesidad del padre y la madre y la transición de adolescentes de peso/talla normal hacia la obesidad en México

Abstract: Objective: To estimate to what extent the parental transition to obesity affects the likelihood that normal-weight teenagers also transition to obesity. We depart from the hypothesis that the transition to obesity specifically among parents is the main factor affecting the development of obesity during adolescence. Materials and methods: Using two rounds of the longitudinal Mexican Family Life Survey (MxFLS) and logistic regressions, we investigated how family weight-related characteristics affected the likelihood of teenagers 13 to 18 years of age in 2002 of becoming affected by obesity after seven to ten years. Results: The results confirm that if any of the parents were affected by obesity during the teenage period, the adolescent is more likely to become affected by obesity. Conclusions: Results confirm that, different from childhood obesity, the transition of parents to obesity during the adolescence of teenagers is the most important family factor affecting such transition.

Resumen: Objetivo: Calcular en qué medida la transición hacia la obesidad, específicamente del padre o la madre, tiene un impacto en el desarrollo de obesidad entre adolescentes. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron dos rondas de la Encuesta Nacional sobre Niveles de Vida de los Hogares (ENNViH) y regresiones logísticas para investigar cómo las características de peso/talla de los miembros del hogar afectan las probabilidades de que adolescentes desarrollen obesidad. Resultados: Cuando alguno de los padres desarrolla obesidad, el o la adolescente tiene más probabilidades de hacer una transición hacia la obesidad, en comparación con los casos en los que los padres mantienen un peso/talla normales. Conclusión: Se confirma que la transición de los padres durante la adolescencia es el principal factor que tiene un impacto en el desarrollo de obesidad entre adolescentes.

Screen Time Of Child And Its Association With Parent-Child Relationship During Covid-19 Pandemic

Background:During the Covid-19 pandemic, schools have started online schooling which increased screen time of children that can have a negative effect on parent-child relationship. The current questionnaire based survey aimed to evaluate the increase in screen time of child and its association with parent-child relationship. Material And Methods:Hundred parents having children in standards 7-12 participated in the survey. The questionnaire evaluated the change in parent-child relationship (before and after online schooling began) based on four important parameters -parental worry about child, child’s behavior towards parent, trust and communication and, quality of time spend together.Result:Out of 100 parents, 1) 26 were satisfied, 54 were neutral and 20 were dissatisfied with method of learning.2) 44 found no noticeable effect, 22 found positive effect and 34 found negative effect on child’s learning due toonline classes.Out of 100 children, 1) 31 spent 1 -5 hours, 61 spent 5-9 hours and 9 spent more than 9 hours on screen. 2) Screen time of 69 –increased, 10 –remained same and 21 –decreased.3) 11 were caught sleeping, 26 were found playing games, 37 watching videos, 24surfing net and 30 using social media during online classes. Conclusion:The present study concludes that: 1) The screen time of child has increased due to online study.2) Out of four parameters evaluated for parent-child relationship only parental worrywas negatively affected i.e. increased due to increase in screen time, while other parameters like child’s behaviour towards parents, trust and communication and quality of time spent together were not negatively affected.

Afrontamiento familiar y su relación con el bienestar infantil y familiar: estudio sobre familias en condición de vulnerabilidad / Family coping and its relationship with child and family well-being: a study on families in a vulnerable condition

El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la relación entre la percepción de las estrategias de afrontamiento familiar y la percepción de bienestar familiar e infantil en familias en condición de vulnerabilidad. La investigación es de corte cuantitativo con diseño analítico transversal. Se evaluaron 113 familias a través de cuestionarios sobre afrontamiento y bienestar familiar; adicionalmente, los hijos diligenciaron un inventario de bienestar infantil. Los resultados demostraron que los hijos reportan mayor puntuación media moderada en bienestar familiar, seguido de los padres y, finalmente, las madres. Para el afrontamiento familiar, las madres demostraron niveles de afrontamiento promedio más alto, seguidas de los padres y los hijos. Las correlaciones bivariadas indicaron relaciones significativas entre el bienestar infantil (IBI), el afrontamiento familiar (Family Coping Index - FAMCI) y el bienestar general percibido. La discusión se concentra en la madre como promotora del bienestar al interior de la familia, los estresores que la familia padece y la relación con experiencias de desplazamiento en el pasado que influyen en las estrategias de afrontamiento seleccionadas.

The objective of this study was to establish the relationship between the perception of family coping strategies and the perception of family and child well-being in families in vulnerable conditions. The research is quantitative with a cross-sectional analytical design. 113 families were evaluated through questionnaires on family coping and well-being; the children also completed a child welfare inventory. Results showed that children report the highest moderate average score in family well-being, followed by fathers and finally mothers. For family coping, mothers demonstrated higher average coping levels, followed by fathers and children. Bivariate correlations indicated significant relationships between child well-being (IBI), family coping coping (Family Coping Index -FAMCI), and perceived general well-being. The discussion focuses on the mother as a promoter of well-being within the family, the stressors that families suffer and the relationship with experiences of displacement in the past that influence the selected coping strategies.

Conflictos y cambios familiares: significados asociados al consumo de sustancias psicoactivas / Conflicts and family changes: meanings associated with the consumption of psychoactive substances / Conflitos e mudanças familiares: significados associados ao consumo de substâncias psicoativas

Resumen (analítico) Se presentan los contextos sociofamiliares coconstruidos, así como los significados dados al conflicto y a los cambios familiares asociados al consumo de sustancias psicoactivas por parte de un hijo adolescente. Es resultado de una investigación cualitativa-hermenéutica, apoyada en el método de la teoría fundamentada y su interpretación tiene como base epistemológica elementos del construccionismo social. Los resultados muestran movimientos, relaciones y estrategias que marcan: pautas de interacción que conjugan problemas y cambios sociofamiliares, alteraciones emocionales y predominancia de relaciones violentas. Concluye que la agudización del conflicto se da en el marco de relaciones fracturadas de acuerdo con el significado centrado en el rol de padre y madre, patrones relacionales violentos y emociones confusas y contradictorias en las relaciones familiares.

Abstract (analytical) The paper presents co-constructed socio-family contexts, the meanings given to conflict and the family changes associated with the consumption of psychoactive substances by a teenage child. The authors describe the results of a qualitative-hermeneutic investigation supported by the grounded theory method and its interpretation is based on epistemological elements of social constructionism. The results show movements, relationships and strategies related to: patterns of interaction that combine social and family problems and changes; emotional alterations; and the predominance of violent relationships. The authors conclude that the worsening of conflict occurs within the framework of fractured relationships that depend on the meaning related to the roles of parents, violent relational patterns and confused and contradictory emotions in family relationships.

Resumo (analítico) O artigo apresenta os contextos sócio-familiares co-construídos, os significados atribuídos ao conflito e as mudanças familiares associadas ao consumo de substâncias psicoativas por um filho adolescente. É o resultado de uma investigação qualitativa-hermenêutica, apoiada pelo método da teoria fundamentada e com interpretação baseada em elementos epistemológicos do construcionismo social. Os resultados assim como sua análise mostram movimentos, relações e estratégias que marcam: padrões de interação que combinam problemas e mudanças sociais e familiares, alterações emocionais, e predominância de relações violentas. Concluise que o agravamento do conflito ocorre no quadro das relações fraturadas segundo o sentido centrado no papel do pai e da mãe, nos padrões relacionais violentos e nas emoções confusas e contraditórias nas relações familiares.

Mediating effect of adult attachment on relationships between parental childhood abuse and parent-child relationship / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the mediating effect of adult attachment on relationships be-tween childhood abuse and parent-child relationship. Methods Totally 729 parents of 3-6 years old from Tongzhou of Beijing were selected. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF),Experiences in Close Relationship inventory (ECR) and Parent-Child Relationship Scale (CPRS) were assessed to measure their childhood abuse,adult attachment and parent-child relationship . Results The scores of adult attachment, parental childhood abuse, closeness of parent-child relationship, conflict of parent-child relationship were (105. 81±24. 14),(34. 05±7. 67),(41. 99±4. 43) and (26. 42±7. 49). Parental childhood abuse was pos-itively correlated to conflict of parent-child relationship and adult attachment( r=0. 36,0. 37,P<0. 01) and negatively correlated to closeness of parent-child relationship(r=-0. 31,P<0. 01). Furthermore,adult attach-ment was positively correlated to conflict of parent-child relationship (r=0. 41,P<0. 01) and negatively cor-related to closeness of parent-child relationship(r=-0. 24,P<0. 01). Moreover,adult attachment mediated the relationship between father's childhood abuse and parent-child relationship,the mediating effect size was 34%,and the model fit indexes were χ2/df =1. 808,RMSEA=0. 048,CFI=0. 977, TLI=0. 954, GFI=0. 979,AGFI=0. 948 . Adult attachment mediated the relationship between mother's childhood abuse and parent-child relationship,the mediating effect was 46%,and the model fit indexes were χ2/df=1. 739,RM-SEA=0. 044,CFI=0. 980,TLI=0. 960,GFI=0. 982,AGFI=0. 960. Conclusion Parental childhood abuse affects parent-child relationship through adult attachment.

Competencias parentales que favorecen el desarrollo de funciones ejecutivas en escolares / Parental competences that favor the development of executive functions in schoolchildren / Competências parentais que favorecem o desenvolvimento das funções executivas em estudantes

Resumen (analítico): Dada la relevancia del desarrollo y estimulación temprana de las Funciones Ejecutivas (FE) en escolares, nuestro objetivo en esta investigación fue determinar si existe relación estadísticamente significativa entre las Competencias Parentales (CP) de 31 padres y madres de escolares de segundo básico de Chile, y las FE y Rendimiento Académico (RA) de estos. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la Escala de Parentalidad Positiva e2p y el Test de Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil Teni. Los resultados evidenciaron que los padres y madres que tienen más desarrolladas las CP protectoras, reflexivas y formativas, tienen hijos o hijas con mayor desarrollo de las FE. Respecto a la relación entre las CP y el RA, la encontramos solo en matemáticas. Concluimos que existen CP que se relacionan con el desarrollo de FE y con el RA de los escolares, especialmente en matemáticas.

Abstract (analytical): Given the relevance of development and the early stimulation of Executive Functions (EF) among school children, the objective of this study was to determine if there is a statistically significant relationship between the Parenting Competencies (PC) of 31 parents of second-grade schoolchildren in Chile and their EF and Academic Performance (AP). The instruments used included the Positive Parenting Scale (E2P) and the Neuropsychological Assessment Test (Teni). The results showed that the parents who had developed their protective, reflective and formative PC had children with greater EF development. Regarding the correlation between PCs and AP, it was found that this only occurred in the subject area of mathematics. As a conclusion, the research identified that there are PCs that are related to the development of EF and to the AP of schoolchildren, especially in mathematics.

Resumo (analítico): Dada a importância do desenvolvimento e estimulação precoce das funções executivas (FE) na escola, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se existe relação estatisticamente significativa entre as competências parentais (CP) de 31 pais de escolas primarias do Chile e suas FE e desempenho acadêmico (RA). Os instrumentos utilizados foram a escada de parentalidade positiva e2p e o teste de Avaliação Neuropsicológica Infantil Teni. Os resultados mostraram que os pais mais desenvolvidos nas CP protetora, reflexiva e formativa, tinham filhos/as com maior desenvolvimento das FE. Quanto à relação entre CP e RA, ele foi encontrado apenas em matemática. Conclui-se que existem CP que relacionam-se com o desenvolvimento das FE e RA de escolares, especialmente em matemática.

Influence of Achievement Motivation and Parent-Child Relationship on Ego Identity in Korean Nursing Students

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to characterize the influence of achievement motivation and the parent-child relationship on ego identity in Korean nursing students. METHODS: The participants were 217 Korean nursing students in the first and fourth year of university. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires composed of items assessing ego identity, achievement motivation, the parent-child relationship, and demographic characteristics. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance, the χ2 test, and multinomial logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Ego identity was related to achievement motivation; moreover, the achievement motivation of students with moratorium and achieved identity status was significantly higher than that of students with low-profile moratorium and diffused identity statuses. Ego identity was not related to the mother-child relationship, but the father-child relationship of students in foreclosure was sig-nificantly higher than that of students with diffused identity status. The factors influencing achieved identity compared to diffused identity were achievement motivation, year in school, satisfaction with school, and having religious beliefs. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that nursing students' ego identity attainment was more influenced by achievement motivation than by the parent-child relationship. It emphasizes that highly motivated students can develop their own identities regardless of the parent-child relationship.

Relationship between screen time with parent-child relation,preschooler's social ability and behavioral problems / 重庆医学

Objective To explore the relationships between the screen time with parent-child relations as well as social ability and behavioral problem in preschool children.Methods A total of 866 children aged 3-6 years old in Dazhou City conducted the sampling survey by adopting the children screen time questionnaire,parent-child relationship self-rating scale and young children's social ability and behavior assessment scale(SCBE-30).The single factor analysis and multinomial Logistic regression method were used to conduct the statistical analysis.Results The surveyed preschool children watching TV every day accounted for 99.31 ％,those playing mobile phones every day accounted for 81.87％ and those using computer accounted for 68.36％s.The average daily screen time at ordinary time was 1.75 h/d,those ≥2 h/d accounted for 16.05％;the average screen time at the weekend was 2.32 h/d,those ≥2 h/d accounted for 46.57％.The univariate analysis showed that the screen time in boy,left behind children,only child,mothers engaging in agriculture of peasant-worker or housewife was longer(P＜0.05);the screen time affected the social ability and behavior problems of children(P＜0.05).The longer the time children spent with their parents every day,the higher the parent-child relationship score(P＜0.05);the screen content affected the parent-child relationship and anxiety withdrawal behavior (P＜0.05).The polynormial regression analysis between the children's screen time with social ability,behavior problems,parent-child relation and contacting screen mode showed that the screen time had the negative effect relation with the social ability and parent-child relation(parents and children questionnaire) score(β=-1.115,-1.728,-1.909,P＜0.05),and had the positive effect relation with the scores of anger attack behavior and anxiety retreat behavior,and individual contacting screen (β=0.982,1.474,0.877,P＜0.05).Conclusion The screen time in preschool children is related with parent-child relation,social ability and behavioral problems.The parental accompany is beneficial to the development of parentchild relations in preschool children.

Tornar-se Pai: A Paternidade como Inscrição Subjetiva da Finitude / Becoming a Father: Parenthood as a Subjective Inscription of Finitude

Resumo Este estudo investigou a experiência subjetiva da paternidade em dois momentos do desenvolvimento, no sexto mês e ao final do segundo ano de vida da criança. Participaram do estudo três pais primíparos, com idade de 30 a 45 anos e escolaridade de ensino superior. Utilizou-se um delineamento de estudo de caso coletivo, de caráter longitudinal, em que os pais responderam a entrevistas nos dois momentos propostos. As entrevistas foram analisadas com base na teoria psicanalítica. Os resultados corroboraram a expectativa de que tornar-se pai estaria associado à inscrição subjetiva da finitude. Esse processo indica um movimento intrínseco à paternidade, exigindo renúncias e lutos dos pais, movimento que permitiu o bebê ser tomado como objeto de desejo paterno.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the subjective experience of fatherhood at two moments of the baby's development, on the sixth month and at the end of the second year of the child's life. We used a longitudinal multiple case study design. Three primiparous fathers took part in this study. Data were collected on the sixth month and at the end of the second year of the child's life. Each father answered an interview and their responses were analysed based on psychoanalytic theory. Becoming a father was associated with the subjective inscription of finitude, demanding resignations and grief by the fathers, a process that allows the baby to be taken as the object of paternal desire.

Validação da versão adaptada do Inventário de Percepção Parental IPP / Parent Perception Inventory para Crianças brasileiras / Validation of the adapted version of the Parent Perception Inventory - PPI for Brazilian children

A temática da criação dos filhos vem sendo muito pesquisada e diversos trabalhos têm dedicado atenção especial aos estilos e práticas parentais. Desde a década de 1930, psicólogos pesquisadores e clínicos têm se preocupado com questões como: Qual a melhor forma de educar os filhos e quais são as conseqüências que podem ser provocadas no desenvolvimento das crianças educadas por diferentes modelos de pais. Considerando a relevância da relação entre pais e filhos no processo de desenvolvimento, este estudo objetivou-se validar, por meio da análise fatorial confirmatória, a versão adaptada para crianças brasileiras do Parent Perception Inventory - PPI, para mensurar o comportamento dos pais com relação às práticas educativas na percepção dos filhos. Foram realizadas ainda procedimentos para validação convergente, utilizando-se o Questionário de Práticas Parentais-QPP (PASQUALI et al.,2012) e análise da confiabilidade por meio do alfa de Cronbach. Participaram do estudo 600 crianças de 7 a 12 anos, de ambos os sexos, de escolas públicas e privadas da cidade de Ribeirão Preto-SP que responderam duas versões do PPI, uma para o pai e outra para a mãe, cada uma com 18 itens que avaliam nove classes de comportamento positivo e nove classes de comportamento negativo. Por meio do método de Máxima Verossimilhança pôde-se confirmar o modelo de duas dimensões, fatores positivos e negativos, referentes às práticas adotadas, distribuídos respectivamente nos itens impares e pares da escala para as duas versões. Tais componentes apresentaram Alfa de Cronbach entre 0.67 e 0.81 e se correlacionaram positivamente com os domínios da escala QPP - Questionário de Percepção dos Pais, com valores entre 0,463 e 0,638. Conclui-se que o instrumento é valido e pode ser usado em estudos para identificar o comportamento parental do ponto de vista da criança

The theme of raising a child has received attention of many researchers and several papers have devoted particular attention to parental styles and practices. Since the 1930s, psychology researchers, and clinicians have been concerned with issues such as: What is the best way to educate children and what are the consequences that can be caused in their development when educated by different models of parents. Considering the relevance of the relationship between parents and children in the development process, this study aimed to validate, through the confirmatory factorial analysis, a version adapted for Brazilian children of the Parent Perception Inventory-PPI to measure the parent`s behavior in relation to educational practices in the perception of children. We also performed procedures for convergente validation using the Questionário de Percepção do Pais - QPP (PASQUALI et el., 2012) and reliability analysis by Cronbach`s alfa. The study included 600 children aged from 7 to 12 incomplete years, both boys and girls, from public and private schools in the city of Ribeirão Preto-SP, who answered two versions of the PPI, one for the father and one for the mother, each with 18 items which evaluate nine classes of positive behavior and nine classes of negative behavior. By means of the Maximum Likelihood method, the two-dimensional model, positive and negative, could beconfirmed, referring to the adopted practices, distributed respectively in the odd and even items of the scale for the two versions. These components presented Cronbach's alpha between 0.67 and 0.81 and correlated positively with the domains of the scale QPP- Parent Perception Questionare, used to test the convergent validity with values between 0,463 and 0,638. We conclude that the instrument is valid and can be used in studies to identify parental behavior from the child's point of view

La percepción de los estilos de crianza y su relación con las autopercepciones de los niños de Buenos Aires: diferencias en función del género / Perceived Parenting Styles and their Relation to Self-perceptions of Children from Buenos Aires: Differences by Gender

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la influencia de la percepción de los estilos de crianza en las autopercepciones de los niños en función del género. Se administró el Perfil de Autopercepciones para Niños (SPPC) y la Escala Argentina de Percepción de la Relación con los Padres a una muestra de 98 niños de ambos sexos (varones 43.90 %; edad media = 9.86; DE = 1.28) de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Se encontró que la percepción de la relación con los padres predice el nivel de las autopercepciones de las niñas en los todos los dominios evaluados (físico/social, académico/comportamental, y autoestima global) mientras que solo la aceptación por parte de la madre predice las autopercepciones de los varones en el dominio físico/social.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to study the influence of perceived parenting styles in children's self-perceptions considering differences by gender. The Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) and the Argentine Scale of the Perception of the Relationship with Parents was administered to a sample of 98 children of both genders (males 43.90 %, mean = 9.86 years, SD = 1.28) of Buenos Aires (Argentina). We found that the perception of the relationships with parents predicted the level of girls' self-perceptions in all the assessed domains (physical/social, academic/behavioral, and global self-esteem) while only the acceptance perceived in the relationship with the mother predicted boys' self-perceptions in the physical/social domain.

Intimidación escolar: concordancia entre la percepción de los cuidadores y sus hijos / Bullying at school: Agreement between caregivers' and children's perception

Introducción. La intimidación escolar suele mantenerse oculta a los adultos, lo que genera desconocimiento por su parte. Objetivo. Describir la percepciónde los cuidadores y de sus hijos, y evaluar su concordancia ante situaciones de intimidación escolar. Métodos. Estudio transversal en niños/as de 8-12 años de escuelas estatales y sus cuidadores. Se utilizó el cuestionario sobre preconcepciones de intimidación y maltrato entre iguales (PRECONCIMEI) (versión niños/cuidadores). Variables estudiadas: magnitud de la intimidación, causas de la intimidación, participación del niño/a en situaciones de intimidación, comunicación en situaciones de intimidación. Se realizó un análisis univariado, bivariado y cálculo de concordancia con índice Kappa. Resultados. Participaron 529 parejas niño/a-cuidador. El 35% de los cuidadores refirió que, en la escuela de sus hijos/as, ocurrían situaciones de intimidación; 133 (25%) niños/as manifestaron estar involucrados: 70 (13%) por recibir intimidación; 40 (8%) por ejercerla y 23 (4%) por recibirla y ejercerla. De los 63 cuidadores de niños/as que manifestaron ejercer intimidación, el 78% no consideró a sus hijos como capaces de ejercerla. El 69,9% (65/93) de los niños que recibían o ejercían y recibían maltrato respondieron que " si sufriera intimidación, lo contaría a su familia". Empero, el 89,2% (83/93) de los cuidadores consideró que su hijo/a les contaría en caso de estar involucrado en tales situaciones. El 62,6% (57/91) de las parejas cuidadores-niños/as tuvo concordancia en una comunicación positiva (Kappa= -0,04). Conclusiones. Se halló discordancia entre niños/as y sus cuidadores en relación con la frecuencia y comunicación de situaciones de intimidación. Pocos cuidadores cuyos niños/as refirieron participar en estas situaciones consideraron que esto podría ocurrir.

Introduction. Bullying at school is usually kept secret from adults, making them unaware of the situation. Objective. To describe caregivers' and children's perception and assess their agreement in terms of bullying situations. Methods. Cross-sectional study in children aged 8-12 years old attending public schools and their caregivers. The questionnaire on preconceptions of intimidation and bullying among peers (PRECONCIMEI) (child/caregiver version) was used. Studied outcome measures: Scale of bullying, causes ofbullying, child involvement in bullying, communication inbullying situations. Univariate and bivariate analyses were done and agreement was estimated using the Kappa index. Results. A total of 529 child/caregiver dyads participated. Among caregivers, 35% stated that bullying occurred in their children's schools. Among children, 133 (25%) admitted to being involved: 70 (13%) were victims of bullying, 40 (8%) were bullies, and 23 (4%) were bullied and perpetrated bullying. Among the 63 caregivers of children who admitted to be bullies, 78% did not consider their children capable of perpetrating bullying. Among children who were bullied or who both suffered bullying and bullied others, 69.9% (65/93) indicated that " if they were the victims of bullying, they would tell their family." However, 89.2% (83/93) of caregivers considered that their children would tell them if they were ever involved in these situations. Agreement was observed in terms of a positive communication (Kappa = -0.04) between 62.6% (57/91) of the child/caregiver dyads. Conclusions. Disagreement was observed between children and their caregivers in relation to the frequency and communication ofbullying situations. Few caregivers whose children admitted to being involved in these situations believed it was a possibility.

Adolescent fathers and mothers in the parenting exercise / Padres y madres adolescentes en el ejercicio de la crianza / Pais adolescentes no exercício da parentalidade

Introduction: In general, parenting has been considered as the actions of socialization led by adults, which consider teenagers as unable people to achieve trajectories of the expected ideal development for girls and boys; on the other side the State despite of making progress about equity of these people, often turns their rights and necessities invisible. Materials and Methods: Through a systematic review of documents and databases such as ScienceDirect, Scopus, Dialnet, Pubmed, Proquest, Adolec; information in Spanish, English and Portuguese of the last ten years was gathered with keywords: parenting practices and teenagers, teenage mothers-fathers, public policies in adolescence; this review returned 84 publications with the pointed aspects. Results: Perceptions of the adolescent mothers and fathers are identified, their social interactions in the parenting exercise, guidelines and practices of parenting and the contributions that regarding their recognition as adolescent parents, the State establishes. Conclusions: It is necessary to identify the perceptions in both adolescent fathers and mothers, and build jointly Public Politics that lead to the increase of support networks to assume the new tasks of care and continue with the activities that the models and social systems impose.

Introducción: En general, se ha considerado la crianza como acciones de socialización dirigidas por adultos, estimando a los adolescentes como personas no aptas para lograr las trayectorias de desarrollo ideal esperado en los niños y niñas; de otra parte, el Estado, a pesar de avanzar por la equidad para estas personas, en ocasiones invisibiliza sus derechos y necesidades. Materiales y Métodos: A través de la revisión sistemática de documentos y bases de datos como ScienceDirect, Scopus, Dialnet, Pubmed, Proquest, adolec; se indagó información en español, inglés y portugués de los últimos diez años con las palabras clave: prácticas de crianza y adolescentes, padres-madres adolescentes y políticas públicas en adolescencia; esta revisión retomó 84 publicaciones con los aspectos señalados. Resultados: Se identifican percepciones de los y las adolescentes como padres y madres, sus interacciones sociales en el ejercicio de la crianza, pautas y prácticas de crianza y los aportes que frente a su reconocimiento como adolescentes padres establece el Estado. Conclusiones: Es necesario identificar las percepciones en adolescentes padres y madres y construir conjuntamente con éstos Políticas Públicas que conlleven al aumento de redes de apoyo para asumir las nuevas tareas del cuidado y continuar con las actividades que le imponen los modelos y sistemas sociales.

Introdução: De maneira geral tem-se considerado a parentalidade como ações de socialização dirigidas por adultos, estimando aos adolescentes como pessoas não aptas para conseguir as trajetórias de desenvolvimento ideal que esperamos nas crianças; de outra parte o Estado apesar de avançar pela equidade para estas pessoas, em ocasiões faz invisível seus direitos e necessidades. Materiais e Métodos: Através de revisão sistemática de documentos e bases de dados como ScienceDirect, Scopus, Dialnet, Pubmed, Proquest e Adolec; indagou-se informação em espanhol, inglês e português dos últimos dez anos com as palavras chave: práticas parentais e adolescentes, pais adolescentes, políticas públicas em adolescência; esta revisão retomou 84 publicações com os aspectos identificados. Resultados: Identificaram-se percepções dos adolescentes como pais, suas interações sociais no exercício da parentalidade, pautas e práticas parentais e as contribuições que estabelece o Estado para seu reconhecimento como pais adolescentes. Conclusões: É necessário identificar as percepções dos pais adolescentes, e construir conjuntamente com estas Políticas Públicas, para que levem ao aumento de redes de apoio para assumir as novas tarefas do cuidado e continuar com as atividades que lhe impõem os modelos e sistemas sociais.

Entrenamiento Conductual y Atención Plena sobre el Estrés Parental y Relación Padre-Hijo / Behavioral Training and Mindfulness on Parental Stress and Parent-Child Relationship / Treinamento Comportamental e de Mindfulness sobre o Estresse Parental e a Relação entre Pais e Filhos

RESUMEN El objetivo principal de este estudio fue evaluar la efectividad de un procedimiento tradicional a padres combinado con uno de atención plena en la reducción del estrés parental e incremento en interacción positiva padre-hijo. Se utilizó un diseño pre test - pos test de un solo grupo. Durante el pre test y pos test se aplicaron el PSI, FFMQ y PCRI-M para evaluar el estrés parental, atención plena y relación padre-hijo, respectivamente. La intervención duró ocho semanas en que se implementó un procedimiento de entrenamiento de padres y uno de atención plena. Los resultados muestran que el entrenamiento combinado fue efectivo en la reducción del estrés parental, el incremento del uso de la atención plena y la mejora en la relación padre-hijo.

ABSTRACT The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a traditional parent training procedure combined with one of mindfulness in reducing parental stress and increasing positive parent-child interaction. A pretest-posttest design with one group was used. During the pretest and posttest phases the PSI, FFMQ and PCRI-M were applied to assess parental stress, mindfulness and parent-child relationship, respectively. The intervention lasted eight weeks in which a parent training procedure with mindfulness training was implemented. The results show that the combined training was effective in reducing parental stress, increasing mindfulness and improving parent-child relationship.

RESUMO O principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade de um tradicional procedimento de treinamento de pais combinado a um treinamento de mindfulness na redução do estresse parental e no aumento de interações positivas entre país e filhos. Utilizou-se um delineamento com pré-teste e pós-teste e com um grupo. Durante as fases de pré-teste e pós-teste, aplicaram-se o PSI, o FFMO e o PCRI-M para avaliar estresse parental, mindfulness e relação entre país e filhos, respectivamente. A intervenção durou oito semanas, em que se implementaram o treinamento de pais e o de mindfulness. Os resultados demonstraram que o treinamento combinado foi efetivo na redução do estresse parental, no aumento de mindfulness e na melhora da relação etre país e filhos.

Percepções de jovens sobre a transição para a vida adulta e as relações familiares / Youth perceptions about the transition to adulthood and family relations

O estudo teve por objetivo examinar as percepções de jovens adultos sobre os desafios e as oportunidades vivenciados na transição para a vida adulta e as mudanças ocorridas nas relações com os membros da família. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório com abordagem qualitativa que utilizou a técnica de coleta de dados com grupo focal e análise de conteúdo. Participaram 13 jovens adultos (idade entre 20 e 28 anos), sendo sete mulheres e seis homens do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados indicaram que as trajetórias vivenciadas pelos jovens adultos são plurais e influenciadas por suas condições socioculturais e econômicas. A permanência prolongada na residência parental pode resultar tanto em conflitos e sentimentos de ambivalência quanto em solidariedade intergeracional entre os membros da família. As informações obtidas com o estudo poderão auxiliar futuros programas de intervenção preventivos e de promoção de saúde mental com os jovens adultos e seus familiares

This study aimed at understanding the perceptions of young adults regarding the transition to adulthood and the changes in relationships with family members during this period of the life cycle. This is a qualitative exploratory study, which used data collection with focus groups and posterior content analysis. The participants were 13 young adults (aged between 20 and 28 years old), seven of which were women and six were men, all from the state of Rio de Janeiro. The results indicated that the trajectories experienced by young adults are plural and influenced by their socio-cultural and economic conditions. Prolonged periods in the parental home can result both in conflicts and in feelings of ambivalence in intergenerational solidarity amongst family members. The information obtained from the study may help future preventive intervention programs and mental health promotion programs with young adults and their families

Rol de las prácticas parentales en la promoción de actividad física en la primera infancia en la ciudad de Cali / As práticas parentais na promoção da atividade física na primeira infância / Role of parental practices in the promotion of physical activity in early childhood in the city of Cali

Objetivo: caracterizar las prácticas parentales para promover hábitos de actividad física en sus hijos de uno a cinco años de edad. El estudio fue realizado durante el año 2014 en la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: El estudio tuvo un diseño mixto con dos fases: una fase cualitativa con diseño fenomenológico (con 20 padres) y una fase cuantitativa con diseño transversal correlacional (con 91 padres de diferentes niveles socioeconómicos). Se utilizaron entrevistas en profundidad y el cuestionario “Prácticas de crianza para promover hábitos de salud en la primera infancia”. Resultados: En las entrevistas, la mayoría de padres refieren prácticas de promoción de actividad física como la realización conjunta de actividades, la proposición de actividades que impliquen esfuerzo, la explicación de beneficios, el acompañamiento a espacios para realizar ejercicio, el modelamiento y la enseñanza de algún deporte. Los datos cuantitativos señalan que la mayoría de los padres refirió el uso de prácticas responsivas como el monitoreo, la explicación de beneficios y el acompañamiento. Se encontraron diferencias en función del nivel socioeconómico en prácticas como facilitar el acceso a espacios apropiados para realizar actividad física. Conclusiones: Los resultados del estudio señalan la importancia de involucrar a los padres en la promoción de la actividad física y muestran algunos aspectos a considerar en las intervenciones de este tipo.

Objective: to characterize parental practices to promote physical activity habits in children from one to five years of age. The study was conducted in 2014 in the city of Cali, Colombia. Methods: The study had a mixed-method design in two phases: a qualitative phase with phenomenological design (with 20 parents) and a quantitative phase with correlational cross-sectional design (with 91 parents from different socioeconomic level). In-depth interviews and the “Raising practices to promote healthy habits in early childhood” questionnaire were used as assessment tools. Results: In the interviews, most parents reported physical activity promotion practices such as the joint performance of activities, the proposal of activities that imply effort, the explanation of benefits, the accompaniment to sport places, the modeling and teaching of any sport. Quantitative data showed that most of the parents use responsive practices such as monitoring, explanation of benefits and accompaniment. Differences were found depending on socioeconomic level in practices such as facilitating access to appropriate spaces for physical activity. Conclusions: The results of the study point out the importance of involving parents in the promotion of physical activity and show some aspects to be considered in this kind of interventions.

Objetivo: caracterizar as práticas parentais na produção de hábitos de atividade física em filhos de um a cinco anos. O estudo foi feito durante o ano 2014 na cidade de Cali, Colômbia. Métodos: O estudo teve um planejamento misto com duas fases: uma fase qualitativa com enfoque fenomenológico (com 20 pais) e uma fase quantitativa com enfoque transversal e correlacional (com 91 pais de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos). Utilizaram-se entrevistas com profundidade e o questionário “Práticas de criação na promoção de hábitos de saúde na primeira infância”. Resultado: Nas entrevistas, a maioria dos pais se referiu às práticas de promoção de atividade física como a realização conjunta de atividades, a proposta de atividades que implicam esforço, a explicação de benefícios, o acompanhamento até os espaços de realização de exercícios, o modelamento e o ensino de algum esporte. Os dados quantitativos indicam que a maioria dos pais se referiu ao uso de práticas responsivas como o monitoramento, a explicação de benefícios e o acompanhamento. Encontraram-se diferenças em função do nível socioeconômico em práticas como a facilitação de acesso a espaços apropriados para realizar as atividades físicas. Conclusões: Os resultados do estudo indicam a importância de envolver os pais na promoção da atividade física e mostram alguns aspectos pertinentes para intervenções deste tipo.

Negligência infantil a partir do Child Neglect Index aplicado no Brasil / Child neglect based on the use of the Child Neglect Index applied in Brazil

Este estudo objetivou descrever a utilização do Child Neglect Index para identificar casos de crianças negligenciadas por seus pais/cuidadores no contexto brasileiro. Após adaptação inicial à realidade sociocultural brasileira, o instrumento foi aplicado em três grupos de indivíduos, cada qual com 30 díades de crianças/pais, totalizando 90 díades (n=180), assim compostos: G1 (primeiro grupo) = casos oficialmente notificados por negligência infantil; G2 (segundo grupo) = casos suspeitos de negligência não notificados; G3 (terceiro grupo) = casos sem suspeita de negligência ou outra forma de maus-tratos (grupo de comparação); além de um quarto grupo de professoras dessas crianças (n=11). Os resultados apontaram altos escores no índice de negligência em G1 e G2, e baixos escores em G3, sugerindo presença de indicadores de falta de supervisão parental referentes a cuidados com alimentação, vestimenta, higiene, saúde física, saúde mental e educação nos dois primeiros grupos avaliados, comparativamente às crianças sem suspeita de maus-tratos. Os atuais achados empíricos, embora preliminares em termos de adaptação do Child Neglect Index ao contexto do Brasil, foram promissores ao sinalizar potencial do instrumento como recurso para detecção/confirmação da negligência infantil, estimulando novas investigações e aprimoramento desse recurso técnico para favorecer adequada identificação e intervenção nesses casos.

This study describes the use of Child Neglect Index to identify cases of children neglected by their parents/caregivers in the Brazilian context. After initial adaptation to the Brazilian sociocultural reality, the instrument was applied in three different groups. Each group is composed of 30 dyads of children/parents, totaling 90 dyads of participants (n=180). They are: G1 (first group) = officially reported cases of child neglect; G2 (second group) = suspected cases of neglect, but not notified; G3 (third group) = unsuspected cases of neglect or otherwise abuse (comparison group). There is also a fourth group composed of the children's teachers (n=11). The results showed high scores on the index of neglect in G1 and G2, but low scores in G3, suggesting the presence of indicators of lack of parental supervision regarding the care of food, clothing, hygiene, physical health, mental health and education in the first two groups evaluated when compared to no suspicion of child maltreatment. The current empirical findings, although preliminary in terms of adaptation of Child Neglect Index to the Brazilian context, were promising to signal the potential of the instrument as a resource for detection/confirmation of child neglect. It stimulates further research and improvements in this technical resource to facilitate proper identification and intervention in these cases.